Foundation
The History of the Camera
Alhezan was known as the first true scientist because of his testing of his camera Obscura. He was born in 965 C.E. Iraq and he had interests in astronomy, chemistry, mathematics, medicine, music, optics, physics, and poetry. The way that he came up with the Obscura was because he wanted to prove that light traveled at the same speed as time with speed. He experimented with sun light. His observation of the penetration of light through the pinhole to see that when the sun light shines through the hole it makes a shape at the points meeting at the pinhole, forming later another shape reverse to the first one on the opposite wall in the dark room. This happens when sun light shines from point until it reaches the hole and is projected through it onto a screen at the luminous spot. Since the distance between the aperture and the screen is not in comparison to the distance between the aperture and the sun, the divergence of sunlight after going through the aperture should be insignificant.
Alhezan was known as the first true scientist because of his testing of his camera Obscura. He was born in 965 C.E. Iraq and he had interests in astronomy, chemistry, mathematics, medicine, music, optics, physics, and poetry. The way that he came up with the Obscura was because he wanted to prove that light traveled at the same speed as time with speed. He experimented with sun light. His observation of the penetration of light through the pinhole to see that when the sun light shines through the hole it makes a shape at the points meeting at the pinhole, forming later another shape reverse to the first one on the opposite wall in the dark room. This happens when sun light shines from point until it reaches the hole and is projected through it onto a screen at the luminous spot. Since the distance between the aperture and the screen is not in comparison to the distance between the aperture and the sun, the divergence of sunlight after going through the aperture should be insignificant.
Johann Schultz - 1724
Schulze is best known for his discovery that the darkening in sunlight of vary substances mixed with silver nitrate is due to the light, not the heat as other experimenters believed, and for using the experiment to temporarily capture shadows. Schulze's experiments with silver nitrate was undertaken in about 1717. He found that a slurry of chalk and nitric acid into which some silver had been dissolved and was darkened by sunlight, but not by exposure to the heat from a fire. To provide an interesting demonstration of its darkening by light, he applied stencils of words to a bottle filled with the mixture and put it in direct sunlight, which produced copies of the text in dark characters on the surface of the contents. The impressions persisted until they were erased by shaking the bottle or until the exposure to light burnt them. Because they were produced by the action of light, an extremely broad and literal definition of what a photograph is may allow even these fluid, ephemeral sun printings to qualify, and on that basis many German sources credit Schulze as the inventor of photography.
Schulze is best known for his discovery that the darkening in sunlight of vary substances mixed with silver nitrate is due to the light, not the heat as other experimenters believed, and for using the experiment to temporarily capture shadows. Schulze's experiments with silver nitrate was undertaken in about 1717. He found that a slurry of chalk and nitric acid into which some silver had been dissolved and was darkened by sunlight, but not by exposure to the heat from a fire. To provide an interesting demonstration of its darkening by light, he applied stencils of words to a bottle filled with the mixture and put it in direct sunlight, which produced copies of the text in dark characters on the surface of the contents. The impressions persisted until they were erased by shaking the bottle or until the exposure to light burnt them. Because they were produced by the action of light, an extremely broad and literal definition of what a photograph is may allow even these fluid, ephemeral sun printings to qualify, and on that basis many German sources credit Schulze as the inventor of photography.
Henry Fox Talbot -Calotype paper negative. Louis Daguerre Daguerrotype (silver plate positive)
In late 1840, Talbot worked out a very different developing-out process, in which only an extremely faint or completely invisible latent image had to be produced in the camera, which could be done in a minute or two if the thing was in bright sunlight. The paper, shielded from more exposure to daylight, was then removed from the camera and the image was chemically developed into a fully visible image. This major improvement was introduced to the public as the tail boat type process in 1841. The light-sensitive silver halide in calotype paper was silver iodine, created by the reaction of silver nitrate with potassium iodide. First iodised paper was made by brushing one side of a sheet of high-quality writing paper with a solution of silver nitrate, drying it, dipping it in a solution of potassium iodide, then drying it again. At this stage, the balance of the chemicals was such that the paper was practically insensitive to light and could be stored indefinitely. When wanted for use, the side initially brushed with silver nitrate was now brushed with a "gallo-nitrate of silver" solution which had silver nitrate, acetic acid and gallic acid in it, then lightly blotted and exposed in the camera.
The discovery and commercial availability of such substances like: iodine, bromine and chlorine a few years earlier, meant that silver photographic processes that rely on the reduction of silver iodine, silver bromine and silver chloride to metallic silver became easy Daguerre met with Niepce and entered into correspondence with him. Niepce had invented an early internal combustion engine together with his brother Claude and made improvements to the velocipede. Their correspondence reveals that Niepce was at first reluctant to any details of his work with photographic images. To guard against letting any secrets out before the invention had been improved, they used a numerical code for security. 15, for example, signified the tanning action of the sun on human skin sulphuric acid. The latent image was developed to visibility by several minutes of exposure to the fumes given off by heated mercury in a purpose made developing box. The amount of toxicity in mercury was well known in the 19th century, but precautionary measures were rarely taken. Today, however, the hazards of contact with mercury and other chemicals traditionally used in the daguerreotype process are taken more seriously, as is the risk of release of those chemicals into the environment.
In late 1840, Talbot worked out a very different developing-out process, in which only an extremely faint or completely invisible latent image had to be produced in the camera, which could be done in a minute or two if the thing was in bright sunlight. The paper, shielded from more exposure to daylight, was then removed from the camera and the image was chemically developed into a fully visible image. This major improvement was introduced to the public as the tail boat type process in 1841. The light-sensitive silver halide in calotype paper was silver iodine, created by the reaction of silver nitrate with potassium iodide. First iodised paper was made by brushing one side of a sheet of high-quality writing paper with a solution of silver nitrate, drying it, dipping it in a solution of potassium iodide, then drying it again. At this stage, the balance of the chemicals was such that the paper was practically insensitive to light and could be stored indefinitely. When wanted for use, the side initially brushed with silver nitrate was now brushed with a "gallo-nitrate of silver" solution which had silver nitrate, acetic acid and gallic acid in it, then lightly blotted and exposed in the camera.
The discovery and commercial availability of such substances like: iodine, bromine and chlorine a few years earlier, meant that silver photographic processes that rely on the reduction of silver iodine, silver bromine and silver chloride to metallic silver became easy Daguerre met with Niepce and entered into correspondence with him. Niepce had invented an early internal combustion engine together with his brother Claude and made improvements to the velocipede. Their correspondence reveals that Niepce was at first reluctant to any details of his work with photographic images. To guard against letting any secrets out before the invention had been improved, they used a numerical code for security. 15, for example, signified the tanning action of the sun on human skin sulphuric acid. The latent image was developed to visibility by several minutes of exposure to the fumes given off by heated mercury in a purpose made developing box. The amount of toxicity in mercury was well known in the 19th century, but precautionary measures were rarely taken. Today, however, the hazards of contact with mercury and other chemicals traditionally used in the daguerreotype process are taken more seriously, as is the risk of release of those chemicals into the environment.
George Estaman - dry plate photographic process - plastic roll film - box brownie
Gelatin emulsions, as proposed by Maddox, were very sensitive to touch and were not much more sensitive to light. Charles Harper Bennet discovered a method of hardening the emulsion, making it more resistant to friction in 1873. In 1878, Bennett discovered that by prolonged heating, the sensitivity of the emulsion could be increased. Geroge Eastman developed a machine to coat plates in 1879 and opened the Eastman Film and Dry Plate Company, reducing the cost of photography. A competitor of Eastman in the development and manufacture of gelatin dry plates was the architectural photographer Albert Levy.
Plastic films are usually thermoplastic and are formed by melting for forming the film.
The Brownie camera, was introduced in February 1900, invented low-cost photography by introducing the idea of the snapshot to the masses. The Brownie was a very basic cardboard box camera with a simple meniscus lens that took 2 1/4-inch square pictures on 117 roll film. The Brownie camera was made and marketed for sales of Kodak roll films. Because of its simple controls and initial price of $1, along with the low price of Kodak roll film and processing, The Brownie camera achieved and surpassed its marketing goal.
Gelatin emulsions, as proposed by Maddox, were very sensitive to touch and were not much more sensitive to light. Charles Harper Bennet discovered a method of hardening the emulsion, making it more resistant to friction in 1873. In 1878, Bennett discovered that by prolonged heating, the sensitivity of the emulsion could be increased. Geroge Eastman developed a machine to coat plates in 1879 and opened the Eastman Film and Dry Plate Company, reducing the cost of photography. A competitor of Eastman in the development and manufacture of gelatin dry plates was the architectural photographer Albert Levy.
Plastic films are usually thermoplastic and are formed by melting for forming the film.
- Cast – plastic excoursion can cast film which is cooled then wound up on a roll.
- The film can be stretched, thinned in one or two directions. Blown process forces air into a ring to expand the film. Flat frames stretch the extruded film
- Calender rolls can be used to form film from hot polymers
- Solution deposition is another film forming process.
- Skiving is used to scrape off a film from a solid core
- Coextrusion involves extruding two or more layers of dissimilar polymers into a single film
- Lamination combines two or more films into a sandwich
- Extrusion coating is used to form a film onto another film or substrate
The Brownie camera, was introduced in February 1900, invented low-cost photography by introducing the idea of the snapshot to the masses. The Brownie was a very basic cardboard box camera with a simple meniscus lens that took 2 1/4-inch square pictures on 117 roll film. The Brownie camera was made and marketed for sales of Kodak roll films. Because of its simple controls and initial price of $1, along with the low price of Kodak roll film and processing, The Brownie camera achieved and surpassed its marketing goal.
Camera Obscura
Just like Alhezan's camera obscura this one works in the same way, the only difference was that he didn't use a magnifying glass and his one was bigger and made out of wood and he was inside. The way that this camera obscura works is that the light reflects off of the object that you want ( so make sure that it is well lit) and then the light bounces off and shoots through the whole. But the image isn't straight up, the reflection is upside down. Did you know that this is how our eyes see things, the light shines on an object and reflect off of that into our eyes, it is our retinas that change the image to the normal way we see life. When the light shines through the small hole it slams on the tracing paper and presents the image in front, but the wrong way round. the reason we need the magnifying glass is to get a more crisp image instead of a cluster of blurry mess. Alhezan didn't use tracing paper as it didn't exist back then, he just sat inside the obscura and traced the projected image on the back board. the reason he probably didn't need a magnifying glass was because it was going on an opaque surface instead of a translucent surface which refracts the light through. A helpful hint when adding the magnifying glass is to try it at different lengths from the whole in order to get a better and clearer image on the tracing paper.
Well done, clear explanation.
Shutter Speed
Shutter speed is the measured period time when the shutter of the camera opens and closes, for example if the shutter speed is 3 seconds then the shutter will open and close after the three seconds. Normally shutter speed I measured in seconds or fractions of a second. The better thing would be to put the shutter speed on less than 1/60th of a second as this is the optimal speed to cut any shakes out. In image one the shutter speed is 1 second and you can see the problems. If you want to capture still life then 1 second isn't the best as it lets to much light in and the exposure could ruin the image and make the picture all white. I had to go in the shadows in order to take this picture and zoom in to make sure that not so much light would go in, but still you can see how difficult it is. The next on was 1/25th of a second and as you can see the light exposure isn't ruining the image and the subject is seen clear but there is still a hint of blurriness as the shutter speed was to slow and caught some of the movement in the final picture. though you can still see that the subject is hovering above ground. The reason that 1/25th of a second isn't good for capturing a movement is because the shutter is open for just about to long to not capture the still movement and to let a little bit more light in than the last one. even if you use a tripod you still couldn't capture a clear Image. The best shutter speed for movement would be a 1/60th or higher as it can can really capture all the emotions and the still movement. Most sports photographers use this shutter speed and neglect the sports option on the cameras. The last picture was taken at 1/500th of a second, and as you can see it is very clear as it captures the reaction of the face and the motion the subject is doing very clear because the shutter opens and closed so fast that it really caught everything. Also with such a low shutter speed it means that there was the right amount of exposure of light, and is darker than it actually was because when the shutter opened most of the light was caught in the camera in order to show the image. If you notice that on the right side of the subjects face in the image is dark, this is because the high shutter speed and low exposure really shows the shadows.
Aperture
Aperture is the size of the space in the middle of the lens that allows the light in the lens. the first picture is an aperture of 3.5 (F3.5) this means that the hole is big, as the smaller the number the bigger the hole in the middle. This allows a lot of light in the camera meaning that it focuses in the object closest to the camera as the amount of light reflected off of that is focused. So you can see the first subject in focus. The second picture is taken with an aperture of 8 (F8), this means that the hole has a medium gap in the middle. This means that not as much light will be let in and it will focus on more in the background than the last picture. the last one is on an aperture of 22 (F22) this means that a lot less light will be let in than the other picture and the lens can focus on everyone in the background and make them seem close.
WWW: I managed to get no light exposure and a clear and crips image on the people that do.
EBI: If I would have got them not so spaced out so that I could see the person furthest better
WWW: I managed to get no light exposure and a clear and crips image on the people that do.
EBI: If I would have got them not so spaced out so that I could see the person furthest better
Philippe Halsman
Philippe Halsman was a born in Riga, his parents were a jewish couple, who studied engineering at Darsden. he thought that when you jump your entire body focuses on the jump and lets out who you really are inside.
Here are some of the photos he took.
Here are some of the photos he took.
I like the one of Marilyn Monroe because you can really see her expression when she is in air. She looks very grace full and like she brings colour to a black and white picture. You can tell by her expression that her emotion is happy and or joyful, her mouth is gaping open like she is in tremendous joy and her eyes are closed which shows that she doesn't, at that moment, have a care in the world. Also the way that her hair is flying so gracefully brings the magic into this image. The way that her feet are tucked behind her shows that she has had a good push of off the ground and she almost wants to go higher and reach into the stars. Also the lighting shows her shadow in a really brilliant way. The shadow is almost carrying her and is there to catch her in case she falls. The way that i could incorporate this into my work is if I have a well lit area and have a singular colour background so that only the subject is in the image. Also i will do something un like Philippe Halsman, and i will have the camera closer to the persons body so that i can see the real person a lot more clearer.
Halsman himself said that 'In a jump, the subject, in a sudden burst of energy, overcomes gravity. He cannot simultaneously control his expressions, his facial and his limb muscles.'. He believed the people show who they are when they are free.
Halsman himself said that 'In a jump, the subject, in a sudden burst of energy, overcomes gravity. He cannot simultaneously control his expressions, his facial and his limb muscles.'. He believed the people show who they are when they are free.
Images of Movement
WWW: i managed to get all 20 pictures in which I used all my moving pictures in a still and not doing the same type of pictures, i kept a vary of different aspects.
EBI: I should have took into the account the light sensitivity and the the blurriness in some of the pictures. And also did them in more locations to eradicate the sense of repetition.
EBI: I should have took into the account the light sensitivity and the the blurriness in some of the pictures. And also did them in more locations to eradicate the sense of repetition.